International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications

Evidence from Remote Sensing and Field Work Observations of Tectonic Features in Pouma Area, Littoral-Cameroon

Kenfack Jean Victor, Paho Nteinmusi Jude; Wotchoko Pierre — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Pan-African mobile belt in Pouma, Littoral-Cameroon, offers a unique geological context for studying tectonic features from the Neoproterozoic era. This study utilizes remote sensing techniques and field observations to investigate the complex geological structures within the study area. The location, relief, and geology of the region are initially described to provide the necessary background. Lineament analysis, identification of structural elements, and orientation measurements form the primary methodology employed. The results obtained from the lineament analysis and structural observations demonstrate the presence of multiple lineament directions, indicating a diverse range of geological structures in Pouma. Such lineaments are commonly associated with tectonic stresses and can signify the existence of faults or fractures. Additionally, the dominant NE-SW orientation of the lineaments aligns with previous studies, identifying a significant tectonic corridor in the area. The interpretation of findings reveals anomalies and confirms the presence of the Kribi-Campo fault, extending from Pouma in the Northeast to Campo in the Southwest. Furthermore, the observation of post-metamorphic fractures intersecting inclined folds provides additional support for the regional tectonic history described in related studies. In conclusion, this study provides compelling evidence of the tectonic features in the Pan-African mobile belt of Pouma, Cameroon. The combination of remote sensing and field observations enhances our understanding of the region's geological evolution. The observed complex structures, lineament orientations, and fault systems have broader implications for tectonic studies not only in Cameroon but also in similar geological contexts worldwide.

Identification of the Effect of Localization on the Colour Alteration of “Geuda” Gemstones Through the Heat Treatment Using ED-XRF, FTIR, and UV-Vis Spectroscopic Analysis

Mon, 08 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Over 75% of the gem-bearing gravels in Sri Lanka belong to the corundum species of gemstones. Geuda is a low-quality form of corundum, and it is abundant in most gem-enriched regions in Sri Lanka. It can be heat treated to transfer into worthy blue sapphires where the value alters with the degree of colour. However, the degree of colour enhancement is uneven in Geuda stones even if the heat treatment is conducted under the same conditions. Thus, this study focuses on evaluating the effect of localization on the colour enhancement of the milky Geuda variety. Fifty Geuda samples were collected from five gem-bearing localities in Sri Lanka; Ratnapura, Ridiyagama, Okkampitiya, Bakamuna, and Katharagama. These samples were washed and sonicated with dil. HNO₃ acid and facetted to have parallel smooth surfaces. Then all samples were observed and analyzed under a microscope, ED-XRF, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopies and heated up to 1800 °C temperature for 60 minutes of the soaking period under reducing conditions. Then the analyses except XRF were repeated (before and after the heat treatment). Microscopic observations support visually identifying the degree of colour enhancement and inclusions changes. UV-Vis spectrums identified the cause of blue colour enhancement as the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) developed by Fe²⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ ions, and the change in the degree of colour enhancement was also verified as an alteration in the degree of IVCT by the available ions. FTIR spectrum characterized the bond vibrational changes with the heat treatment, and FTIR was clarified as the best method to identify heat-treated blue sapphires since a characteristic peak was generated at 3310 cm-1 after treatment. Apart from Ti and Fe, V was also determined to affect blue colour enhancement by ED-XRF analysis. The optimum blue colour was enhanced in the ratios of 1: 3: 323 for Ti: Fe: Al. there were significant changes in the location and ternary diagrams are accompanied to record the highest Ti content in Ridiyagama and the highest Fe content in Bakamuna and Katharagama. Furthermore, corresponding unique elemental ratios for these localities were encountered.

Calculation of Bottomhole Pressure in Two-Phase Wells Using Beggs and Brill Method: Sensitivity Analysis

Ekrem Alagoz, Gabriel Gallardo Giozza — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper presents a comprehensive workflow for calculating the pressure profile and liquid hold-up in two-phase wells using the Beggs and Brill method. The workflow includes estimation of velocities, flow regime transition and liquid hold-up calculation, potential energy gradient, frictional pressure gradient, and pressure gradient. Sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the impact of gas-oil ratio, flux, borehole pressure, and fluid densities on the pressure profile and liquid hold-up. The analyses show that an increase in the gas-oil ratio is translated as a downward displacement of the flow regime transition, while increasing the flux at constant GOR increases the frictional energy differential pressure and displaces the flow regime conversion from intermittent to distributed. Increasing the borehole pressure displaces upwards the transition between flow regimes. Density changes have little effect on the frictional energy profile and a slight effect on the jump observed for the liquid hold-up. The workflow presented provides an accurate determination of the impact of various parameters on the pressure profile and liquid hold-up in two-phase wells using the Beggs and Brill method.

The Route to Creating Your Own Simulator

Li Hua — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 20:27:02 +0000

This article delineates the process of developing a customized reservoir simulator, embarking on a journey that commences with an introductory phase. The narrative then intricately traverses pivotal components, encompassing the reservoir model, simulation inputs, and outputs. Special attention is devoted to the nuances of simulation execution and stability, delving into critical considerations related to boundary conditions and the significance of three-dimensional visualization. The exploration reaches its zenith in a comprehensive conclusion, offering valuable insights and reflections on the intricate path of constructing a personalized reservoir simulator. This undertaking necessitates a holistic comprehension of reservoir dynamics, an understanding of simulation complexities, and an appreciation for the pivotal role of effective visualization in the simulation workflow.

The Impact of Moisture Content on Outburst Hazard of Sandstones in Coal-Bearing Strata

Kostiantyn Andriiovych Bezruchko — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 20:51:41 +0000

The article theorizes the impact of the quantitative moisture content in rocks with two main factors of outburst hazard – their physical and mechanical properties and the gas factor. The impact of natural humidity and reservoir properties of sandstones on the degree of their outburst hazard and the depth of outburst manifestation in coal mines of the Donetsk Basin (Ukraine) is researched. The exploration targets were outburst-prone sandstones of the Lower and Middle Carboniferous age of the coal-bearing strata of Donbas in Ukraine. Sandstones lay in zones of middle and late catagenesis, within the distribution of gas, fatty, and coking coals in the depth range of 700–1200 m. The author evaluated the absolute humidity (weight moisture indicator), relative humidity (water saturation or the degree of pore filling with moisture), and open porosity of researched sandstones. It has been established that the weight moisture/open porosity ratio determines the degree of outburst hazard of sandstones. This indicator is proposed as a prognostic criterion for determining the degree of outburst hazard of sandstones. A connection has also been established between the manifestation depth of sandstone and gas outbursts with their water and gas saturation. Based on determining the critical values for the degree of pore filling with moisture for fixed stratification depths, an evaluation method of outburst hazard is proposed. Testing the use of the proposed methods for determining the outburst hazard of rocks, considering the natural moisture of sandstones, in the mines of Donbas, fully confirmed their reliability, validity, and the possibility of practical application.

Fishery and Socioeconomic Status of Sharks and Rays in Mon State, Southern Myanmar

Myo Min Tun — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 21:10:44 +0000

The study was conducted on the processing and production of sharks and rays and the fisheries and socioeconomic status of Mon State such as Zeephyuthaung, Setse, Kyaikkhami, Sebalar and Ahlayt fishing villages during 2018-2019 fiscal years. There were 1240 fishing boats for inshore fishing and 320 fishing boats for offshore fishing in Mon State and the four main types of fishing gears for sharks and rays namely longlines, gill net, bagnet and purse seine. Shark and ray were the high production in Setse and Kyaikkhami. The productions of processing plants were produced 11912.371 metric tons of fish and 23.561 metric tons of shrimps in Mon State. Mawlamyine Holding Processing Plant and Panda Processing Plant was produced fish and shrimp’s product only but not shrimps another plants. Among them, Thanlwin Aye Processing Plant of Ye was the most fish production (4515.611 MT) and the least production (266.21 MT) was Linn Yaung Ni Processing Plant of Mawlamyine. At Zeephyuthaung Station, it was found that about 24.5% of the landing fish is marketed fresh, 30% of transported as fresh fish with ice and marketed, 27.5% of is sun-dried, 7% of for making fish-paste and fish-sauce and 11% is cold-storage processed for export. Shark and ray were also utilized for fresh, fins, skins and dry products in study areas. Sharks and rays are suspected to constitute a sizeable of the shark meat trade, while rays are often overlooked in the fin trade. The traditional fishing boats, both motorized and non-motorized were used in the study areas.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Isiohor Community and Environs, Ovia Northeast Area, Southern Nigeria

Ovie Odokuma-Alonge, Desmond Ehisuoria Usifo — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 21:21:30 +0000

Seven (7) groundwater samples were randomly collected and analysed with the aim of assessing the groundwater quality in Isihor community and environs, southern Nigeria. All samples were analysed for their physico-chemical properties which include; pH ranged 6.26 to 6.84, electrical conductivity (EC) 24.3 to 82.3µS/cm, total dissolved solids (TDS) 17.0 to 57.6mg/l, sulphate (SO₄²^- ) 0.09 to 0.18mg/l, phosphate (PO₄^3-) 0.16 to 0.27mg/l, nitrate (NO₃^-) 0.12 to 0.24mg/l, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄N) 0.05 to 0.18mg/l, total hardness (TH) 2.16 to 2.87mg/l, turbidity and suspended solid (Non-detected), calcium (Ca²⁺) 0.23 to 1.06mg/l, magnesium (Mg²⁺) 1.80 to 1.83mg/l, alkalinity 0.6 to 1.50mg/l, sodium (Na⁺) 0.06 to 0.15mg/l and potassium (K⁺) 0.08 to 0.49mg/l. The physico-chemical analysis reveals that the values obtained for all parameters fall below WHO and NSDWQ specification for drinking water. Findings reveal that anthropogenic activities do not have any effect on groundwater. The study however shows that the groundwater is potable and can be consumed without treatment.

Gold Exploration Using Aeromagnetic Method in Bauchi North East Nigeria

Mon, 08 Jan 2024 21:27:33 +0000

Rimin Zyam an area within Bauchi was investigated for possible mineralization of gold and other important metallic minerals. The host rocks are low to medium grade migmatites that were formed during the Pan- African orogeny with composition ranging between intermediate to mafic which corresponds to gabbroic to dioritic compositions. The mineralization is as a result of intruding by late mineralizing fluid into the Pan- African migmatites in the area. The type of mineralization in the area are mainly vein filing and replacement deposits. Based on the aeromagnetic images of the area, different magnetic susceptibility contrast was identified between the migmatites, younger granites and other sedimentary cover in the area. The migmatites have higher magnetic susceptibility and high intensity of interconnected fractures that are trending NW-SE, NE-SW and minor E-W that are interconnected. These fractures are regional and may serve as conduits for hydrothermal mineralization. Because of the sharp contrast, ground magnetics was recommended especially within the migmatites in order to airmark areas for possible drilling. The aeromagnetic images show large anomalies to the east of the study area which is an indication of magnetic responses for gold ore mineralization. These points that have high anomalies are suitable points for drilling.

Prospective Science Teachers’ Opinions on The Plasma State of Matter

Suleyman Aydin, Pinar Ural Keles — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 21:33:03 +0000

The purpose of this study was to determine the opinions of preservice science teachers about the plasma state of matter. The sample of this research consisted of 79 preservice science teachers. The research method of this study was determined as a phenomonographic research method, and two different data collection tools were used in the study. Interviews were conducted with nine science teacher candidates selected with the snowball sampling method. The other data of the study was obtained with the completion of the statement in the questionnaire form “To me, the plasma state of matter is .......” by 79 teacher candidates. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the interviews, and the phenomonographic analysis method was used in the analysis of sentence completion. As a result of the study, it was found that almost the entire science teacher candidates participating in the interviews didn’t have enough information about the concept although they know the plasma is the 4th state of matter. In the study, it was also determined that the results obtained from the sentence completion, support the results obtained from the interviews. It can be recommended that subjects related to the plasma state of matter should be involved more in the undergraduate courses of the Department of Science Teaching.

Comparison of Rock Toughness Measurement Methods for Hydraulic Fracturing: A Research Note

Wang Xiaoming — Tue, 09 Jan 2024 07:50:31 +0000

One important rock property is toughness, which is the ability of a rock to resist further deformation or fracturing. Three modes used to quantify this property are: the opening mode (mode I), the shearing mode (mode II), and the tearing mode (mode III). In order to successfully fracture a rock, an estimation of rock toughness must be calculated for the formation. Three tests developed to quench that need are the scratch test, straight-notched Brazilian disc specimen test, and the semicircular bend test. The objective of this paper is to present the procedure, governing equation, and results for each test. Moreover, analysis of the results obtained from each test produced important correlations between rock toughness and shale properties. A comprehensive comparison is conducted on the tests presenting three primary differences, which are convenience, variables, and accuracy. In all three tests, the method used to induce fractures was a common limitation that restricted their applicability. This indicates the need to conduct more study and research in the field of fracture toughness measurement.

The Future of Fossil Fuels: Challenges and Opportunities in a Low-Carbon World

Ekrem Alagoz, Yaser Alghawi — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This review article examines the challenges and opportunities facing the future of fossil fuels in a low-carbon world. The article begins by discussing the importance of fossil fuels in the global energy mix and the need for a transition to a low-carbon economy to address climate change. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of fossil fuel use, the current state of the fossil fuel industry, and the definition and types of fossil fuels. The article then explores the challenges facing the future of fossil fuels, including the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, declining costs of renewable energy, and political and social pressure to reduce fossil fuel use. However, the article also highlights several opportunities for the future of fossil fuels, including technological advancements in carbon capture and storage (CCS), the potential role of natural gas as a "bridge" fuel, and the use of fossil fuels in non-energy applications. To illustrate the challenges and opportunities, the article includes case studies of countries or companies that are successfully transitioning away from fossil fuels and examples of innovative fossil fuel projects or technologies. The review concludes with a discussion of the future outlook for fossil fuels and the potential paths forward in a low-carbon world. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the future of fossil fuels and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.

A Comprehensive Review of Approaches for Characterizing Natural Fractures in the Ahnet Basin, Algeria

Fares Chanane — Tue, 09 Jan 2024 08:16:36 +0000

This comprehensive review delves into fracture characterization in the Ahnet Basin, emphasizing the influence of lithology on natural fracture patterns and their implications for fluid flow dynamics in fractured reservoirs. By amalgamating cutting-edge research and advanced methodologies, the study explores geological structures, fracture properties, and the role of percolation theory in understanding fracture connectivity and permeability. The research highlights the significance of machine learning algorithms in fracture aperture estimation and the consideration of fracture roughness in fluid flow analysis. By investigating the interplay between lithology and fractures, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of fluid flow dynamics in fractured reservoirs, offering valuable insights for optimizing resource utilization and enhancing production performance in hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs.

Our Dependance on The Earth We Live On

Maria Kuman — Tue, 09 Jan 2024 08:20:01 +0000

The article reveals that the Sun, the Earth, and the Man have the same torus shape nonlinear electromagnetic field (NEMF), and if so they should communicate or influence each other. Our science claims that all biorhythms in the body are ruled by light and if so Sun’s light should rule them. However, our breathing has maximum at 3 pm and minimum at 3 am, and there is no Sun light at 3 am to activate the breathing after the minimum. So, I decided to look for another activating factor. I found that Earth’s maximum temperature with maximum extension of its ionosphere and atmosphere is at 3 pm (like breathing in) and min at 3 am (like breathing out). So, our breathing is synchronized with Earth’s breathing. This raises the question: In long-lasting cosmic travels how long Man can live healthy without having his feet on the Earth? Maybe we should try to imitate the periodic changes of Earth’s magnetic field on the space ships and space stations.

Black Holes in Action and Their Impact on the Earth We Live On

Maria Kuman — Tue, 09 Jan 2024 08:22:54 +0000

The article explains how the Black Holes operate. The Earth satellites show that our Earth is cleft and our science cannot explain why. The scenario of what happened to the Earth is described in the Hindu Vedas. According to the Vedas, the Earth was swallowed by the Black Hole of the old Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy, when it was drifting through our Solar system on its way to the center of our galaxy. Once sucked in, the Earth was span around, a big chunk of its crust was melted, but the Earth survived the encounter by going to the center of the Black Hole where the temperature is the lowest, and it was spit out. The Black Holes are holes scooped with rotational movement in the Space Matrix nonlinear electromagnetic field (NEMF). Two types of Black Holes must have been created.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Screening Criteria: at a Glance

Ekrem Alagoz — Tue, 09 Jan 2024 08:25:56 +0000

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are crucial for extracting additional oil from reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery stages. This paper focuses on the screening criteria employed in the decision-making process for selecting appropriate EOR methods. The screening criteria are classified into three main categories: conventional screening, geologic screening, and advanced screening. Conventional screening involves comparing average reservoir properties with predefined validity limits to determine the suitability of a recovery process. Geologic screening takes into account detailed information on reservoir geology, such as heterogeneity and connectivity, to assess the controls on EOR processes. Advanced screening utilizes data mining, artificial intelligence techniques, and multidimensional maps to consider multiple reservoir and fluid properties simultaneously. The paper also provides a comprehensive classification of EOR methods, including gas methods, waterflooding methods, and thermal methods. Various screening criteria techniques are discussed, which are based on reservoir parameters and physics of each EOR process. The importance of decision enablers, such as influence diagrams, in framing the decision-making process is highlighted. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for rational decision making, the role of decision makers in committing resources, and the selection of quantifiable objective functions for effective EOR method selection. Given the rising oil prices and concerns about future supplies, the application of screening criteria to identify suitable EOR methods becomes crucial for maximizing oil recovery and addressing the challenges faced by oil companies and authorities.