International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications
IJESKA is an open access peer-reviewed scholarly journal aiming to publish high quality research and review articles mainly in the scope of Earth Sciences.
The authors keep the copyrights of the published materials with them, but the authors are aggee to give an exclusive license to the publisher that transfers all publishing and commercial exploitation rights to the publisher. The puslisher then shares the content published in this journal under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Geosciences: A Multiscale Framework from Mineral Interfaces to Earth-System Applications
This critical review develops a multiscale framework for nanoscience and nanotechnology in geosciences, linking atomic- and nanoscale processes to observable behavior in rocks, soils, sediments, aquifers, reservoirs, ore systems, and engineered subsurface environments. The central argument is that nanoscale phenomena are not peripheral to geology: surface energy, interfacial charge, non-classical nucleation, colloid transport, redox reactions, adsorption, dissolution-precipitation, and nanoconfined fluids can govern macroscopic transport, mechanical response, resource recovery, and environmental risk. The review distinguishes natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials; evaluates modern characterization strategies; and synthesizes applications in clay science, environmental geochemistry, hydrogeology, mineral exploration, petroleum systems, geotechnical engineering, atmospheric and soil processes, geothermal systems, carbon storage, and emerging subsurface energy technologies. Particular attention is given to the gap between laboratory reactivity and field-scale performance, where aggregation, pore-throat filtering, mineralogical heterogeneity, salinity, natural organic matter, pressure-temperature conditions, and residence time can reverse conclusions drawn from simplified experiments. A risk-aware perspective is adopted for engineered nanomaterials, emphasizing transformation, exposure, reversibility, and standardized reporting. The review concludes that the next stage of nanogeoscience will depend less on demonstrating isolated nanoscale effects and more on quantitatively connecting them to field observables through correlative characterization, reactive-transport modeling, uncertainty analysis, and carefully designed field validation
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahriyar Karimdoust, Adil Ozdemir, Ekrem Kalkan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization of the Gujareti Ore Occurrence (Achara–Trialeti Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Georgia)
Hydrothermal alteration plays a fundamental role in understanding ore-forming processes and improving mineral exploration. This study presents an integrated characterization of the Gujareti hydrothermal system (Achara–Trialeti Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Georgia) using ASTER remote sensing, petrographic and ore microscopic observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and whole-rock X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemistry. Satellite-derived alteration mapping identified three principal alteration domains, including silica-enriched, mica-rich, and carbonatized zones, which exhibit a close spatial association with structurally controlled mineralization. Petrographic and XRD analyses indicate that the alteration assemblage is dominated by quartz and sericite with localized alunite and calcite, whereas ore microscopy reveals pyrite as the principal sulfide, accompanied by chalcopyrite, sphalerite, minor galena, and microscopic native gold. Geochemical discrimination diagrams consistently indicate extensive silicification, alkali depletion, and progressive feldspar alteration, reflecting a well-developed hydrothermal alteration system. The strong agreement between remote sensing, mineralogical, and geochemical datasets demonstrates that integrating multiple analytical techniques substantially improves the recognition of alteration patterns and their relationship to mineralization. The proposed multidisciplinary workflow provides a reliable approach for reconstructing hydrothermal evolution and represents an effective exploration strategy applicable to volcanic-hosted hydrothermal systems in the Lesser Caucasus and comparable metallogenic provinces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Giorgi Mindiashvili, David Bluashvili, Tornike Lipartia, Nino Jafaridze, Keti Benashvili, Vakhtang Bluashvili, Meri Lekishvili http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hydrogeophysical Assessment of Groundwater Potential and Aquifer Protective Capacity in Some Towns in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria
This study investigated the geoelectrical and hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer system in Amassoma–Tombia, Niger Delta, using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to evaluate groundwater potential, aquifer protective capacity, and implications for sustainable groundwater development. Five VES locations (VES1–VES5) were investigated, and the interpreted parameters included aquifer resistivity, thickness, transverse resistance (TR), longitudinal conductance (S), hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity. The results revealed considerable spatial variations in the geoelectrical properties of the subsurface. Aquifer resistivity ranged from 418 to 1,710 Ωm, while aquifer thickness varied from approximately 7.0 to 20.57 m, suggesting the predominance of sandy to sandy-clayey formations characteristic of the Niger Delta sedimentary sequence. Transverse resistance values ranged from 3,258 to 26,979 Ωm², with VES2 exhibiting the highest value and consequently representing the most favourable groundwater prospect, followed by VES3. VES4 and VES5 were identified as moderate prospects, whereas VES1 showed the lowest groundwater potential based on transverse resistance. Longitudinal conductance values ranged from 0.00478 to 0.01865 mho, placing all investigated locations within the poor protective-capacity category. This indicates that the aquifers are inadequately protected by the overlying materials and are potentially vulnerable to contamination from surface-derived pollutants. Estimated hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 0.372 to 1.386 m/day, indicating moderate permeability, while transmissivity values of 3.03–10.80 m²/day suggest generally low groundwater-transmitting capacity. Although the relatively high aquifer resistivity values suggest predominantly sandy formations and potentially favourable freshwater conditions, groundwater quality and salinity cannot be conclusively established from resistivity data alone and require hydrochemical validation. VES2 and VES3 are recommended for further groundwater exploration, subject to borehole logging and pumping tests. The poor protective capacity highlights the need for proper borehole construction, sanitary protection, and groundwater monitoring in Amassoma–Tombia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tekena Y. Bunonyo, Alabodite Meipre George, Ese Anthony Aladin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geochemical Characteristics of Dubele Lateritic Soils in the Moto Greenstone Belt (Northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo): Weathering Intensity, Ferruginous Lateritization and Mafic Provenance
Lateritic soils developed on the Moto Greenstone Belt in the Dubele area (Watsa Territory, Haut-Uélé Province, northeastern DR Congo) were characterized geochemically to assess the weathering intensity, degree of lateritization, and parent-material affinity. Ten samples from the B horizon (~0.5 m depth) were analyzed using ED-XRF. The major element assemblage is dominated by SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3, with marked depletion of alkalis and alkaline earths, reflecting intense leaching under humid tropical conditions. High CIA (mean 96.50), PIA (mean 95.26), and MIA values confirm the near-complete breakdown of the primary feldspar and ferromagnesian assemblages. The S/R ratios (0.91–1.62) and Fe2O3/Al2O3 ratios (mean 1.92) classify the materials as ferruginous laterites at the boundary with lateritic rocks, whereas the IOL values (58.18–71.99) place them at an intermediate stage of lateritic evolution. The Al2O3/TiO2 ratios (mean 8.83) and major-element discriminant functions point unambiguously to a mafic protolith, corroborated by elevated Cr, Ni, and V concentrations. Arsenic concentrations reach up to 2973 ppm, may probably originate from the supergene alteration of arsenopyrite and hydrothermal sulfide assemblages within the mineralized basement. These results provide the first geochemical dataset on lateritic soils and highlight the potential of lateritic geochemistry as an exploration tool within the auriferous Moto Greenstone Belt.
Copyright (c) 2026 Innocent Agama Badriyo, Paulin Bamwambeye Isimbika, Placide Pioka La Pioka, Nicaise Balise Tchuimegnie Ngongang, Joseph Aguma Madrakele http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of Soil Pollutants in the Chahar Asyab Selected Regions, Kabul, Afghanistan
Chahar Asyab District, one of the most densely populated areas of Kabul, Afghanistan, has faced decades of armed conflict, leaving substantial quantities of military debris, metallic fragments, and other hazardous residues in the environment. Weathering, oxidation, and corrosion of these remnants release potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including heavy metals, into the surrounding soils. The accumulation of these contaminants poses significant environmental and public health concerns, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly, due to prolonged exposure through soil, water, and airborne dust. The district comprises extensive agricultural lands that rely on irrigation, creating pathways for contaminant mobilization and transport into the soil profile and groundwater. Irrigation water can enhance the leaching of toxic elements, increasing their bioavailability and the potential for uptake by crops. Consequently, contaminated soils may become a source of human exposure through the food chain and direct contact. During the dry season, from late spring to mid-autumn, wind readily entrains contaminated surface sediments from rivers, irrigation canals, and exposed soils, generating dust rich in potentially toxic elements. Atmospheric transport redistributes these particles over varying distances, depending on particle size, density, and meteorological conditions, thereby expanding the spatial extent of contamination. In contrast, precipitation during the wet seasons (winter and spring) removes airborne particles through wet deposition, returning contaminants to the soil surface. We show that subsequent infiltration, leaching, ion exchange, and mineral weathering govern the vertical migration and redistribution of these elements within the soil profile, thereby altering soil physicochemical properties, including pH, cation exchange capacity, and elemental mobility. Understanding the environmental behavior of potentially toxic elements in Chahar Asyab is essential for assessing ecological and human health risks, protecting groundwater and agricultural resources, and developing effective remediation and sustainable land management strategies in post-conflict environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafizullah Rasouli, Ashok Vaseashta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Stability Assessment of Rock Slopes at Former Quarries in Singapore
The redevelopment of abandoned quarry sites in Singapore requires precise rock slope stability assessments to ensure public safety. This study evaluated the applicability of the Q-slope and ROFRAQ methods to the Granite of Bukit Timah Centre. The Q-slope method for rock slope engineering was developed to enable engineering geologists and rock engineers to rapidly assess the stability of excavated rock slopes in the field and to make optimal adjustments to slope angles as rock mass conditions become apparent during construction of road cuts or benches. An empirical relationship between Q-slope and long-term stable slope angle is now supported by more than 600 case studies across 36 rock types on five continents. This paper presents the first application of the Q-slope method to abandoned quarry walls in Singapore. In Project 1, the rock slope was prepared for public viewing in its natural condition without artificial support; manual scaling was carried out to remove loose rock blocks. In Project 2, an assessment was conducted to evaluate the suitability of the rock slope for hiking. The study also investigated the relationship between Geological Strength Index (GSI) and Q-slope. Additionally, Rockfall Risk Assessment for Quarries (ROFRAQ), though initially developed for temperate climates, has been validated for use in tropical regions such as Singapore.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kar Winn, Chow Weng Lee, Ong Perng Fey, Htet Aung Linn http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reproductive Biology of Rastrelliger kanagurta from Sin Ma Coastal Water
This study was conducted to determine the reproductive biology of Rastrelliger kanagurta in the Sin Ma coastal water from June 2024 to May 2025. During the study period, females are more outnumber than the males with the sex ratio of 1 male:1.23 female in Sin Ma coastal water. Gonad maturity stage V (ripe) was observed in almost all months. The result showed the gonad maturity of Indian mackerel occurred throughout the year with the peak between March to May. The GSI maximum values females were recorded 4.52 in Sin Ma. The fecundity of females varied from 52795 to 224955 with an average of 130909 ± 52945.55 eggs. Fecundity was positively correlated with total length (r=0.93), body weight (r=0.86) and ovary weight of fish (r=0.89)
Copyright (c) 2026 July Moe, Khin May Chit Maung http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigation of Soil Dominant Frequency using Single-Station Microtremor Method: A Case Study for Western Part of Atatürk University Campus, Erzurum (NE Türkiye)
Erzurum, located in northeastern Anatolia, is one of Türkiye's most seismically active provinces. The city is situated at the northern end of the tectonically controlled Karasu Basin, and its urbanization is currently progressing towards the basin center. The basin fill consists mostly of volcanic-origin clay, silt, sand, gravel, and blocks, with grain sizes gradually varying from the basin edges to the center. These sediments are expected to be susceptible to local site effects during strong ground motions. Therefore, determining the soil dominant frequency (f) is important, especially for areas with high residential development potential. In this context, a microtremor investigation was conducted at 78 points in the western part of the Atatürk University Campus in Erzurum (Northeast Turkey) using the Horizontal-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. While the soil dominant frequencies were mostly below 1 Hz, local values ​​reached up to 15.4 Hz. Significant H/V amplitude (A) values ​​and low f values ​​were detected in the study area, which is located on alluvial fan deposits. The 0.12-1 Hz range corresponds to relatively long field periods and may be significant for structures whose natural periods overlap with this range. However, structural resonance cannot be assessed solely from the soil dominant frequency and also depends on the structural system and its dynamic characteristics. If this area is opened to construction in the future, a combined assessment of both building and soil-dominant frequencies is crucial. Furthermore, the findings of this passive-source study should be further validated with complementary active-source geophysical investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ülkü Nagihan Güzelhan, Ekrem Kalkan, Çağlar Özer http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Species Composition and Catch Per Unit Effort of Some Carangids Fish in Chaungtha Coastal Area, Ayeyarwady Region (Myanmar)
Species composition and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of some carangids fish in Chaungtha coastal area were investigated from November 2023 to July 2024. A total of 12 species of 7 genera belonging to the family Carangidae were recorded during the study. The total catch 1472.978 kg of carangids was observed from November 2023 to July 2024. On monthly concern, the highest catch rate occurred in December 2023 followed by November 2023 and the lowest in July 2024. The highest composition of carangids, 16.55%, was recorded in December 2023 followed by 16.48% in November 2023 while 0.10% was the composition in July 2024. The highest catch per unit effort 0.72 kg/boat day/fishing day was recorded in December 2023 followed by 0.71 kg/boat day/fishing day in November 2023 and the lowest catch per unit effort 0.005 kg/boat day/fishing day in July 2024. The mean CPUE was 0.48 kg/boat day/fishing day and range from 0.005- 0.72 kg/boat day/fishing day recorded in November 2023 to July 2024
Copyright (c) 2026 Min Min Myat, Naung Naung Oo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Anthropogenic Drivers of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Ghana (2000–2025): A PRISMA-Based Systematic Review and Quantitative Synthesis
Land use and land cover (LULC) in Ghana have undergone substantial transformation over the past two decades, largely driven by the intensification of human activities. This study presents a PRISMA-guided systematic review and quantitative synthesis of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 2000 and 2025 to examine the major anthropogenic drivers, spatial patterns, and environmental implications of LULC change in Ghana. Using a PICO-informed search strategy, 52 studies were retained for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Evidence from the reviewed studies shows that agricultural expansion remains the dominant driver of forest loss and vegetation decline, while urbanization and population growth accelerate the conversion of agricultural land, wetlands, and peri-urban landscapes, particularly around Accra, Kumasi, and Sekondi-Takoradi. Mining, including legal and illegal small-scale mining, was identified as a localized but severe driver of land degradation, soil disturbance, and water pollution. The quantitative synthesis compared reported LULC change indicators, including forest loss, built-up expansion, agricultural conversion, wetland degradation, and mining-related land disturbance. Findings indicate that anthropogenic pressures interact with governance weaknesses, land tenure challenges, climate variability, and socio-economic vulnerability to intensify landscape transformation across Ghana’s ecological zones. The study highlights the need for stronger implementation of land-use planning regulations, coordinated institutional governance, climate-adaptive agriculture, responsible mining control, and region-specific restoration strategies. These findings provide an evidence-based foundation for sustainable land management, environmental monitoring, and policy planning in Ghana
Copyright (c) 2026 Michael Stanley Peprah, Cyhthia Awewura Abavare http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pan-African Granitoids Revisited: The Igarra Pluton as A Case Study for Crustal Recycling and Hybrid Magmatism in Orogenic Belts
The Igarra granitic pluton forms part of the Pan-African granitoid suite of the Nigerian Basement Complex and records important aspects of late Neoproterozoic crustal evolution within the Dahomeyide Belt. Petrographic observations reveal hypidiomorphic granular textures and locally developed syn-tectonic microstructures, indicating emplacement contemporaneous with regional deformation. Major-element geochemistry shows calc-alkaline affinity and predominantly metaluminous compositions, consistent with granitoids emplaced in convergent orogenic settings. Trace-element and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry provide key constraints on magma source and evolution. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are characterized by strong enrichment of light rare earth elements relative to heavy rare earth elements, together with weak to moderate negative Eu anomalies. Primitive-mantle–normalized trace-element patterns show enrichment in incompatible elements and relative depletion in high-field-strength elements such as Ta. These geochemical signatures closely resemble those of Pan-African granitoids from the Ilesha, Idanre, Kabba–Lokoja–Igarra, and Egbe–Isanlu schist belts. The combined petrographic and geochemical characteristics indicate that the Igarra granite was derived predominantly from partial melting of continental crust during crustal thickening associated with the Pan-African orogeny, with magma evolution controlled by fractional crystallization. Although limited interaction with more mafic magmas during emplacement cannot be ruled out, the available data do not support a dominant juvenile mantle contribution. The Igarra pluton therefore represents a typical syn- to late-collisional Pan-African granitoid that documents significant crustal reworking during the assembly of the Nigerian Basement Complex.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Abeiya, Emmanuel Igonor, Sunday Daramola, Isaac Ajigo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Systematic Review and Descriptive Meta-Analysis of Oil and Gas Facility Siting in Africa: GIS–MCDA Approaches, Environmental Governance, and Sustainable Land Management
This study evaluates the evolving methodologies, environmental implications, and socioeconomic outcomes associated with oil and gas facility siting across Africa, where rapid urbanization, weak institutional enforcement, and environmental vulnerability complicate infrastructure planning. Using PRISMA-guided systematic review procedures, 17,385 records published between 2000 and 2025 were screened, resulting in 40 eligible studies synthesized through descriptive meta-analysis and thematic comparative analysis. The review assessed siting criteria, methodological trends, regulatory compliance, environmental impacts, and socioeconomic outcomes across African subregions. Findings reveal a transition from traditional proximity-based siting approaches toward integrated Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) frameworks. Hybrid models such as Fuzzy AHP–VIKOR increasingly improved uncertainty handling, stakeholder integration, and environmental risk assessment in data-scarce environments. Regional differences were evident. West African studies focused mainly on spatial optimization and compliance assessment, Southern African studies demonstrated stronger integration of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) frameworks, while East African studies increasingly emphasized participatory governance and environmental justice. The synthesis identified persistent challenges, including regulatory non-compliance, inadequate longitudinal datasets, fragmented institutional enforcement, and limited real-time environmental monitoring systems. The study further revealed increasing integration of social sustainability indicators such as displacement risk, stakeholder participation, and community acceptance into recent siting frameworks. The review concludes that sustainable oil and gas facilities siting in Africa require integrated, evidence-based, participatory, and regulation-driven spatial planning frameworks. Future siting models should incorporate climate resilience, renewable transition indicators, and adaptive multi-energy infrastructure planning to support sustainable land management and energy development across Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michael Stanley Peprah, Edwin Kojo Larbi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Techno-Economic Evaluation of Soilless Greenhouse Clusters: Part 1: The Geothermal GOAZ (Greenhouse Organized Agricultural Zone) Model in Türkiye
In recent years, global crises, geopolitical conflicts, and climate change have brought food security to the forefront of the macroeconomic agenda and necessitated a transition to technology-intensive agricultural systems. This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of soilless greenhouse clusters, drawing on a nationwide empirical case study of the Geothermal GOAZ (Greenhouse Organized Agricultural Zone) model in Turkiye. The analysis examines in detail the cost-reducing effect of centralized geothermal heating, its capacity to make agricultural production independent of fossil-fuel price shocks, and the stability of market supply dynamics in the context of the Cobweb Theorem. Additionally, this framework evaluates the integration of industrial symbiosis, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) governance, and the structural alignment between the EU Green Deal and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Statistical regression models empirically demonstrate the project’s high financial predictability and confirm that spatial clustering meticulously optimizes capital expenditures (CAPEX) through economies of scale. The study also highlights the model’s strong Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance, particularly in generating zero-emission carbon credits and promoting rural employment that supports gender equality. In conclusion, the Geothermal GOAZ model offers a mathematically validated, financially reliable, and scalable framework for sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, by integrating shallow geothermal heat pump technologies into the model, this central clustering model becomes globally applicable across all geographic and climatic conditions, including regions without hydrothermal resources.
Geothermal GOAZ (Greenhouse Organized Agricultural Zone)
Copyright (c) 2026 Adil Ozdemir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Computationally Robust Decision-Support System forMountain Agriculture: Validated Fuzzy-AHP-GIS Modelingwith Dynamic Threshold Optimization
The development of computationally robust decision-support tools is critical for achieving sustainable agricultural intensification in vulnerable mountain ecosystems. This study presents an integrated Fuzzy-AHP-GIS framework to assess land suitability for soybean cultivation in the western highlands of Cameroon. Unlike conventional approaches, the proposed model incorporates dynamic threshold optimization and a novel multi-faceted validation protocol to enhance reliability for practical agricultural decision-making. Nine biophysical and accessibility criteria were weighted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), standardized through fuzzy membership functions, and integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS) to produce a continuous suitability map classified into four ordinal categories. Validation against 93 ground-truth points employed traditional metrics, multi-class Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, and the Fuzzy Kappa statistic. Results show that 10.12% of the area is highly suitable, 23.84% moderately suitable, 62.31% marginally suitable, and 1.24% unsuitable, with topography identified as the dominant limiting factor. The validation framework demonstrated excellent discriminative capacity (multi-class AUC = 0.841) and strong ordinal agreement (Fuzzy Kappa = 0.782), significantly outperforming standard Cohen’s Kappa (0.713). The introduction of a dynamic threshold optimization algorithm reduced severe misclassifications by 57%. The study advances the field of agricultural informatics by demonstrating that sophisticated validation frameworks and adaptive thresholds are essential for ensuring the reliability and practical applicability of land suitability models in precision agriculture. These findings offer a scalable, computation-ready decision-support system tailored for mountainous regions, with clear implications for sustainable intensification and climate resilience planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bertrand Kenzong, Primus Azinwi Tamfuh, Roger Kogge Enang, Georges Kogge Kome http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Azimuthal LWD Data Interpretation for UBCTD Geosteering Using a Physics-Informed Neural Network
The economic success of horizontal wells in complex carbonate reservoirs is profoundly sensitive to precise wellbore placement within narrow target zones. Conventional geosteering, which relies on the real-time subjective interpretation of Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) data, is susceptible to human bias and often leads to suboptimal decisions. While data-driven machine learning offers an alternative, purely statistical models frequently produce physically implausible predictions. This paper introduces a novel Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) framework that seamlessly integrates domain knowledge with a deep learning architecture to automate and enhance geosteering classification. The methodology employs a multi-layer perceptron trained with a custom composite loss function, which augments standard cross-entropy loss with two physics-derived penalty terms: one enforcing petrophysical consistency between sensor readings and predicted steering actions, and another promoting wellbore trajectory smoothness. Trained and validated on a sophisticated synthetic dataset engineered to replicate the geological complexities of a Central Asia Shu formation carbonate reservoir, the model demonstrates a significant performance improvement over a purely data-driven baseline. The refined PINN model achieved a test accuracy of 91.18%, a substantial increase over the baseline Logistic Regression model's 86.68%. Crucially, the physics-informed constraints led to a dramatic enhancement in recognizing the optimal 'stay' condition, with the F1-score for this critical class rising from 0.01 to 0.51. An ablation study confirmed the petrophysical constraint as the primary driver of this improvement. Post-hoc explainability analysis using LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) verified that the model's decision-making aligns with established geological principles. This work successfully demonstrates that embedding physical constraints directly into the ML learning process yields a more robust, reliable, and interpretable autonomous geosteering system, paving the way for more objective, data-optimized well placement and reduced reliance on subjective interpretation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Klemens Katterbauer, Saleh Komies, Mohd Ibrahim, Alberto Ache http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Simulation and AI-Driven Evaluation of Chemical Tracer Characteristics for Fracture Diagnostics and Interwell Communication in Sour Gas Reservoirs
Accurate interpretation of chemical tracer data in sour, high-temperature unconventional reservoirs is fundamentally compromised by hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)-induced degradation and phase-partitioning effects. Using high-fidelity reactive transport simulations calibrated to Permian Basin conditions (Wolfcamp and Bone Spring formations), we quantify how common tracers—including fluorobenzoates and ethyl acetate—undergo 75–98% degradation within seven days at 140°C and 2000 ppm H₂S, rendering conventional interpretation protocols invalid. Neglecting these effects leads to systematic overestimation of fracture half-length by 40–60% and misinterpretation of interwell communication severity. Two field case studies from the Delaware Basin and Central Basin Platform demonstrate that substituting robust chemistries (naphthalene sulfonates, trimethylbenzene, perfluorocarbons) reduces degradation to below 30%, while degradation‑corrected analysis reduces estimated interwell communication volume from 89,000 to 62,000 barrels of oil equivalent—aligning with simulation truth (58,000 BOE) and preventing overly conservative infill drilling spacing. A trained XGBoost surrogate model (R²=0.973, prediction time <0.1 seconds) enables real‑time, degradation‑corrected field interpretation. These findings establish a validated workflow for tracer‑based fracture diagnostics in sour gas shales, directly linking chemical degradation kinetics to operational decision‑making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Klemens Katterbauer, Ahmed Alsmaeil, Sehoon Chang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Deep Diamond Core Drilling Practice in A Thick Salt Formation Containing Clay/Anhydrite Interlayers
In mineral exploration, diamond core drilling is the most expensive but provides the most accurate data. To discover metallic minerals, industrial raw materials, and coalfields, and to determine their reserves and operability, diamond core drilling is necessary. Today, all operating mines have been put into operation as a result of diamond core drilling and evaluation of these studies. Diamond core drilling is expensive and time-consuming compared to other exploration methods. However, the importance of diamond core drilling in both scientific and economic studies is increasing day by day, as samples obtained from mineral deposits and drilled rock units are representative of their characteristics. In diamond core drilling, the main goal should be to achieve the best possible drilling rate and the highest core recovery. The high rate of penetration and core recovery depends mainly on the properties of the drilled geological formations. Drilling through thick salt formations is among the most challenging operations in the drilling sector. In these formations, the drilling team faces very different, high-risk working conditions. Also, as the depth increases in diamond core drilling, drilling operations become more difficult, and drilling time and cost increase. In this study, 1501 m-deep diamond core drilling in a thick salt formation with a clay/anhydrite interlayer (sticky and dissolvable) was investigated. Specifically, the casing design and cementing operations, penetration problems, the solutions applied to overcome these difficulties, and the properties of the drilling mud used were examined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adil Özdemir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Time-lapse Geological Assessment of Groundwater; A Case Study of Oghara Farmlands, Delta State, Nigeria
The use of mineral fertilizers and nutrients is widely adopted in conventional agricultural practices, playing an essential role in maintaining optimal crop yields and improving overall quality. To aid farmers in effective fertilization and crop management strategies, non-invasive geophysical techniques can offer insights into the nutrient distribution within the soil. This study deemed it imperative to assess the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals (HM) present in the groundwater of the study area. A total of three groundwater samples and five soil samples were collected and tested for different heavy metals (HM) checked included iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cadmium (Cd). Recently, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used in local studies to measure changes in soil properties. Unfortunately, the signals we measure from the ground are mixed up because of changes in the soil both sideways and up and down, making it hard to figure out what each change is contributing. The analysis of groundwater revealed that, with the exception of a few parameters, groundwater samples fell below the WHO permissible limit. The soil's porosity, permeability, and the surrounding topography influence the migration rate. The rates of migration vary between the first and second locations. It has been found that if the vertical migration rate in the dry sand layer (which is about 13.7 meters thick based on drilling data) stays the same, the fertilizer contaminant will take about 0.5 years to reach the wet sandy layer below it in the first location, while in the second location, it will take around 1 year. Detailed calculations to determine the arrival time at the sandy layer have been conducted. Ultimately, it is imperative for the government to guarantee the installation of water purification plants during the process of borehole drilling, as this will help further decrease the existing salinity levels in the groundwater.
Migration, Date, heavy metal, pH, Fertilizer, Permissible
Copyright (c) 2026 Anslem Ozobeme Azubike , Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu , Airen Osariere John, Ibitoye Taiwo Abel, Saleh A. Saleh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geochemical Signatures and Mineralogical Composition of Basement Complex Lithologies in Afokpella, Southern Nigeria
The Afokpella Area, located within the eastern extension of the Igarra Schist Belt in southwestern Nigeria, is underlain by a complex assemblage of Precambrian Basement complex rocks dominated by granites, charnockites, pegmatites, and marbles. This study investigates the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of these rocks in order to constrain their petrogenesis, tectonic setting, and mineralization potential. Ten representative rock samples were collected and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for major oxide composition, complemented by petrographic thin-section analysis under a polarizing microscope. Results show that SiO₂ (55.82 wt.%), CaO (12.13 wt.%), Al₂O₃ (11.92 wt.%), and K₂O (5.21 wt.%) dominate the geochemical composition. Strong positive correlations were observed between Al₂O₃–SiO₂, Fe₂O₃–TiO₂, and LOI–CaO, while CaO shows strong negative correlation with SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, reflecting contrasting lithologic controls between silicate and carbonate rocks. Petrographic analysis reveals quartz, feldspars (microcline and plagioclase), biotite, hornblende, hypersthene, muscovite, and garnet as the dominant minerals. Geochemical discrimination diagrams classify the granitoids as high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic, peraluminous to slightly peralkaline, and emplaced within a passive continental margin setting. The marbles are characterized by very high CaO and LOI contents, indicating carbonate protoliths deposited in a shallow marine environment. Overall, the basement rocks of Afokpilla reflect crustal melting processes associated with Pan-African tectonism and possess significant industrial and economic mineral potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ezekiel Emetitiri, Ese Anthony Aladin, Ovie Odokuma-Alonge http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determination of Antimicrobial Activities in Isolated Soil Fungi from Kyonemangay, Whakhema Township, Ayewarwady Region of Myanmar
The soil microorganisms were isolated from five different places of soil samples collected from Kyonemangay, Whakhema Township. For the isolating of fungi, soil samples were collected from 30cm depth after removing the surface layer of soil. Some physicochemical properties of soil samples were determined such as pH range, moisture content, soil temperature and soil texture. Soil fungi were isolated by soil dilution methods and chemical treatment methods. Ten soil fungi were isolated, and their morphological characters were studied. The isolated soil fungi were used to test antimicrobial activities by the paper disc diffusion assay methods against eight test organisms such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus Subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Micrococcus luteus. According to the results of antimicrobial activities, TTSM-01, TTSM-03 and TTSM-07 showed antimicrobial activities against bacillus subtilis and candida albicans. TTSM-03 was selected for further investigations because it exhibited the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans with 25.9 mm clear zone.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thaw Tar Su Mon Mon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Gravity and Magnetic Exploration for Unconventional Oiland Gas Traps in Buried Volcanic Formations
This study considers the determination of the geometric shape of volcanic formations in geological sections of the Middle Kura Depression (MKD) in connection with the identification of hydrocarbon accumulations within them. Using gravity and magnetic exploration data, the distribution zones of volcanic formations were identified, and their depths of occurrence and thickness in the study area were determined. Given the presence of numerous oil and gas traps in igneous formations across many basins worldwide, the potential for unconventional volcano-tectonic traps in the MKD was investigated. The presence of a sedimentary complex beneath the volcanic strata in the region, which may contain oil and gas accumulations, is substantiated. A local distribution of volcanoes was revealed, and an uneven thickness distribution of volcanic rocks across the area was established. It was shown that the thickness of lava flows around the volcano's outlet channel is large (more than 2000 m) but decreases with distance to 400-500 m, at which point the full thickness of the volcanic formations can be uncovered.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vagif Gadirov, Ekrem Kalkan, Adil Özdemir, Avaz Mammadov, Ali Novruzov, Kamran Gadirov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Some Ecological Aspects and Conservation Efforts on Honeycomb Oysters in Rakhine Coastal Region of Myanmar
A total of four distinct species of "honeycomb oysters" belonging to the family Gryphaeidae (Order: Ostreida) within the class Bivalvia. The specimens categorized represent two primary genera: Hyotissa (Stenzel, 1971) and Neopycnodonte (Stenzel, 1971). Among the genus Hyotissa, three species were recorded: H. hyotis (Giant honeycomb oyster), H. inermis (Saddle-shaped honeycomb oyster), and H. sinensis (Foam honeycomb oyster), with shell lengths ranging from 40.4 mm to a maximum of 75.5 mm. Additionally, the genus Neopycnodonte is represented by N. cochlear (Deepsea honeycomb oyster), measuring 58 mm in length. This compilation provides essential morphometric and classification data for these bivalve molluscs, highlighting the diversity of honeycomb oysters within their respective ecological niches. This study also examines the ecological significance, environmental requirements, and management frameworks for honeycomb oysters (Family: Gryphaeidae) within the Rakhine Coastal Region, Myanmar. Analysis of the region reveals that habitat suitability is strictly governed by tidal regimes, substrate stability, and seasonal salinity fluctuations- factors increasingly threatened by sedimentation and mangrove deforestation. To address pressures from overharvesting and coastal development, this paper evaluates potential Community-Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) and sustainable harvesting protocols, including size-based limits and seasonal closures. While documented conservation initiatives in Rakhine remain sparse, the integration of local stewardship with habitat restoration is identified as a vital pathway for maintaining population recruitment. The findings emphasize that a shift toward co-management and selective, low-impact harvesting gear is essential for the long-term resilience of Rakhine’s bivalve resources and the coastal livelihoods dependent upon them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naung Naung Oo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Paghman Selected Regions, Kabul, Afghanistan
This study examines groundwater quality in the Paghman region of Kabul, Afghanistan, drawing on relevant groundwater data to support the analysis. The primary objective is to assess groundwater quality across different areas of the Kabul Paghman regions and evaluate its suitability for human health, as groundwater is the primary water source for most communities in the region. Where contamination is suspected, groundwater quality can be evaluated through a range of laboratory analyses, including physical, chemical, and biological tests. In this investigation, particular emphasis is placed on chemical and physical parameters. The scope of the study was constrained by limited access to analytical instruments, as a complete set of equipment required for a comprehensive groundwater assessment was unavailable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhibullah Rasouli, Hafizullah Rasouli, Ashok Vaseashta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Essential Role of Geotechnical Properties in Determining the Foundation for Buildings and Structures: A Case Study in South-central Region of Nigeria
This study examines the geotechnical characteristics that influence the selection of suitable foundations for buildings and structures within Airport Road G.R.A., a major urban area in Nigeria’s south-central region. Soil samples were obtained from borehole depths of 1 m, 3 m, and 6 m, and subjected to geotechnical laboratory analyses, including moisture content, particle size distribution, atterberg limits, bulk density, and triaxial shear tests. Results reveal that the soil is clay-rich, containing more than 51% fines. The plasticity index ranges from 21.02% to 31.65%, the plastic limit from 25.16% to 31.75%, and the liquid limit from 46.18% to 58.37%. Specific gravity values range between 2.40 and 2.67, while cohesion values vary between 22.0 and 24.0 kN/m². Findings indicate that clay content increases with depth, implying that foundation type and depth must be adjusted according to soil strength and the structural load. The recommended foundation design in the study is Pad or pile for high rise buildings.
Copyright (c) 2026 O. Andre-Obayanju, Ese Anthony Aladin, I. E. Olunubi, J. O. Odia-Oseghale http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Species Diversity of Prawns and Shrimps in Sittwe Coastal Water, Rakhine State, Western Myanmar
A total of 16 prawns and shrimps belonging to 3 families and one order collected from Sittwe coastal water, Sittwe Township, Rakhine State, Myanmar were studied. All collected specimens were taken out of the fish landing sites of Sittwe Township. The freshwater prawn: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Macrobrachium equidens, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii, Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium neglectum, and the marine shrimp species: Penaeus monodon, Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus indicus, Penaeus penicellatus, Penaeus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus dobsoni, Metapenaeus affinis, Metapenaeus eboracensis, Parapenaeopsis sculptilis, Penaeopsis jerryi and Acetes indicus were identified. The genus Macrobrachium and Penaeus were the most composition in Sittwe and other Rakhine coastal areas. The species Acetes indicus is the most popular shrimp in Myanmar as making for Ngapi (Myanmar fish paste).The taxonomy, morphological characteristics, and economic importance of each species were studied.
Copyright (c) 2026 myo min tun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Integrated Waste Management and Facility Siting in Ghana: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Hydrogeological and GIS Insights
Rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns have intensified solid and liquid waste generation in Ghana, placing significant pressure on existing waste management systems. Despite established regulatory frameworks, persistent challenges such as open dumping, weak enforcement, limited source segregation, and inadequate rural service coverage continue to undermine environmental sustainability and public health. This study presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of waste management practices and facility siting approaches in Ghana, guided by PRISMA and structured using the Population–Concept–Context framework. A total of 21,253 records were screened, with 33 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and quantitative analysis using a random-effects model. The findings indicate a continuous increase in waste generation with no evidence of absolute reduction. Urban collection efficiency reaches up to 80% in some cities, whereas rural coverage remains critically low (approximately 5.8%), leading to widespread reliance on open burning and associated health risks. National segregation and recycling rates remain below 15%, despite the high diversion potential (approximately 90%) demonstrated by facilities such as the Kumasi Compost and Recycling Plant. GIS-based siting approaches show strong technical performance (accuracy approximately 77%, Kappa approximately 0.71), but their implementation is constrained by data limitations, governance challenges, and weak integration of localized hydrogeological information, particularly within the Volta and Pra basins. The study identifies a critical policy–practice gap driven by limited investment, unreliable data, and inadequate integration of Earth Science datasets. It concludes that sustainable waste governance requires integrated systems, mandatory segregation, hybrid siting approaches, improved data platforms, and stronger institutional enforcement.
Landslide Susceptibility, Risk Assessment, and Mitigation Strategies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Landslides are a major environmental hazard across Africa, threatening lives, infrastructure, and sustainable development. Their increasing frequency is driven by climate extremes, fragile geology, and rapid, unregulated urbanisation. This study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis of 33 peer-reviewed publications (2010–2025) to evaluate the state of landslide research in Africa. The objectives were to assess susceptibility and risk assessment models, identify dominant environmental and human risk factors, and compare mitigation strategies across regions. Using the PRISMA framework, data was extracted from multiple databases and analysed through both quantitative and qualitative integration. Results show that rainfall, slope gradient, and lithology are the main determinants of landslide susceptibility, while deforestation, mining, and informal urban expansion amplify risk. Traditional GIS–AHP models achieved mean accuracies of 82%, whereas advanced machine learning and hybrid approaches (RF, FAHP, XAI) attained 88–92%, reflecting improved predictive reliability. East and North Africa exhibit the highest hazard densities due to steep terrain and high rainfall, while Central Africa remains data deficient. Despite methodological progress, fewer than 20% of studies influence national disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies, exposing a persistent science–policy gap. The study highlights the need for evidence-based, data-driven, and inclusive risk management. Strengthening geospatial data infrastructure, integrating scientific research into land-use planning, and enhancing community participation are critical for resilience. These efforts align with the Sendai Framework (2015–2030) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 11, 13, and 15) to advance proactive and climate-resilient landslide risk governance in Africa.
Geospatial and Remote Sensing Techniques
Environmental and Socio-economic Drivers
Evaluating Rock Slope Stability Using Geomechanical Classification System: An Experimental study from the Western Ghats, India
Rock slopes within the Deccan basaltic terrain of Sahyadri Group in the Western Ghat region of Maharashtra were evaluated using geomechanical classification systems including Basic Rock Mass Rating (RMRb), Geological Strength Index (GSI) and Kinematic analysis to provide a preliminary assessment of slope stability conditions of eight different zones. Kinematic analysis of joints data was performed to determine the potential failure (Plane, Wedge and Toppling) for one natural slope and three artificial slopes. Modified Slope Mass Rating (M-SMR) has been done exclusively for the natural slope. Geological-geotechnical mapping was carried out to determine key geomechanical parameters, including Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), degree of rock weathering, joint conditions, joints infilling, orientations of discontinuities (joints) of rock and slope geometry (slope dip and slope aspect) for each selected zone. Basalt rock mass is characterized by 3-4 sets of joints, slightly to moderately weathered, medium to high persistence, close spacing and no infillings. The basic RMRb values range from 73-89.75, indicating good to very good rock mass quality, while GSI values range from 46-67.46 corresponding to fair to good conditions. Kinematic analysis indicates that wedge sliding may be more prominent than other modes of failure. The results of the M-SMR have been obtained from class I (Very Low Risk/Very Good), indicating overall stable conditions. Nevertheless, despite favorable geomechanical classification, the slopes within the study area are interpreted considered to have a comparatively lower probability of structural failures governed primarily by orientations of discontinuities (joints) of rock and slope geometry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sushil Khanduri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geochemistry of Alluvial Deposits in the Baboa De Kole Area (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo): Implications for Provenance, Chemical Alteration and Tectonic Setting
The Baboa de Kole alluvial sediments (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo) constitute a key archive for reconstructing weathering, provenance and sediment recycling in the Archean greenstone belts of Central Africa. This study integrates major- and trace-element geochemistry to evaluate chemical weathering intensity, sediment maturity, source-rock characteristics, trace-element enrichment patterns and tectonic setting. Elemental compositions obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) reveal silica-rich assemblages dominated by quartz, together with significant TiO2 and Fe2O3 contents reflecting heavy minerals and secondary iron oxides. High CIA (81–91) and PIA (> 89) values indicate intense chemical weathering under humid tropical conditions, consistent with advanced feldspar alteration and clay formation. Herron’s discrimination diagram shows that most samples plot in the ferruginous sandstone field, with minor ferruginous shale–litharenite compositions, pointing to oxidative weathering typical of ferralitic soils. Provenance indicators suggest derivation mainly from mafic protoliths, combined with contributions from recycled crustal material and possible hydrothermal quartz inputs. Enrichment of Cr, V and Zr reflects the concentration of resistant heavy minerals, whereas anomalous Ag and Cd contents may be linked to sulfide phases and/or hydrothermal influence. Tectonic discrimination plots display mixed signatures between passive and active continental margin settings, implying a composite geodynamic control on sediment supply. Overall, the geochemical dataset reveals highly weathered, compositionally mature sediments sourced from variably altered mafic rocks and recycled materials, deposited under humid tropical conditions. These results provide new insights into sediment generation processes and the tectono-sedimentary evolution of alluvial systems associated with Archean greenstone terranes in Central Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Innocent Agama Badriyo, Christophe Kabala Imoya, Dimitri Elukesu Mbula, Philippe Essomba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An Analytical Geothermal Model and Its Implications for Geothermal Engineering Design
This study presents an analytical model to predict the temperature of the produced fluid and the cumulative heat production from a geothermal reservoir by cycling cold water injection. First, the solutions of the temperature of the produced fluid, the net heat production rate and the cumulative heat production are derived. Then each parameter of the analytical model is analyzed to study the sensitivity and the implications of designing a geothermal project. The derived solutions may be further used to develop other solutions or methods for geothermal engineering. From the quantitative analysis of model results, it is found that a waiting time of year is needed to produce heat until injected water breaks through in a dry geothermal system. After the breakthrough, the temperature of produced fluid is low compared to the initial reservoir temperature. This reduces the heat output. To improve that, the production rate must be high, but the residence time must be long. From that point of view, when designing a practical project, a horizontal well is preferred because of a high rate, and a large well spacing is preferred because of longer residence time. Formation thickness or injected fluid temperature does not affect the heat production significantly, but thermal conductivity does.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erlong Yang, James J. Sheng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0