Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Groundwater and Surface Water in Ugbuwangue and Ogunu, Delta State

Abstract

Groundwater and surface water are important sources of domestic and industrial supply in many developing regions, but increasing human activities threaten their quality. This study evaluates the physicochemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water in Ugbuwangue and Ogunu communities in Delta State, Nigeria. A total of fifteen (15) water samples were collected from boreholes and hand-dug wells. Key parameters analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, bicarbonate, major ions, and heavy metals, using standard laboratory methods. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used for metal analysis. Results show that pH values ranged from 5.0 to 6.3, indicating slightly acidic conditions below the WHO acceptable limits (6.5–8.5). EC values (52–317 µS/cm) and TDS values (26–157 mg/L) were within permissible limits, suggesting low dissolved ion content. However, elevated levels of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) were observed in several samples, exceeding WHO guideline values, indicating potential health risks from long-term consumption. These contaminants may originate from both geogenic processes and anthropogenic inputs, particularly industrial activities. The study recommends appropriate treatment of water before consumption and continuous monitoring to prevent contamination and protect public health.