Mechanical Analysis of Khair Abad Village, Surskhrud District, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
Keywords:
Soil, Geology, Pedogenic horizons, Soil profiles, Physiochemical parameters
Abstract
The article results of studies on the physiochemical properties of nine samples in Khair Abad, Nangarhar, Afghanistan. In this research, we collected dissimilar samples from each profile and transported them to the research laboratory. The main objective of this study is to select physiochemical limitations in diverse places of Khair Abad, Nangrahar for the earlier geological periods. This inquiry is therefore essential, because of no or scares previous studies, in these areas. From the analysis, we found the soil type is loam, silty loam and the pH of the soil is basic and in some places near to acidic. The amount of CaCO3, EC, and pH parameters are dissimilar according to the locations, and the amount of EC and pH are normal at all points, as well as we can find organic materials in different amounts. The results obtained suggest that the soil parameters can be used efficiently for the application of soil parameters catchment of the Kabul basin and other basins in Afghanistan.
References
Abdullah, S.H., Chmyriov, V.M., eds. 1997. Map of mineral resources of Afghanistan: Kabul, Ministry of Mines and Inductries of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Department of Geological and Mineral Survey, V/O Technoexport USSR, Scale 1:500,000.
Arian, H., Kayastha, R.B., Bikas, C.B., Ahuti, S., Rasouli, H., Armstrong, R., 2015. Application of the Snowmelt Runoff Model in the Salang River Basin, Afghanistan Using MODIS Satelite Data. Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 9 (1), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v9i1.15586.
Avouac, J-P., Burov, E., 1996. Erosion as a driving mechanism of intracontinental mountain growth. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (8), 17747-17770. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB01344.
Banks, David, and Soldal, Oddmund. 2002. Towards a policy for sustainable use of groundwater by non-governmental organizations in Afghanistan. Hydrogeology Journal 10, 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0203-y.
Bohannon, R.G., 2005. Geologic map of quadrangle 3468, Chak-e-Wardak (509) and Kabul (510) quadrangles. Afghan Open-File Report (509/510) 2005-1001.
Bohannon, R.G., Turner, K.J., 2007. Geologic map of quadrangle 3468, Chak Wardak-Syahgerd (509) and Kabul (510) quadrangles, Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey. Open- File Report 2005-1107-A. 1 Sheet.
Böckh, E.G., 1971. Report on the groundwater resources of the city of Kabul. Report for Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe BGR file number 0021016.
Breckle, S., 2007. Flora and vegetation of Afghanistan. Basic and Applied Dryland Research 1, 155-194.
Broshears, R.E., Akbari, M.A., Chornack, M.P., Mueller, D.K., and Ruddy, B.C. 2005. Inventory of ground-water resources in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5090.
DACAAR, 2017. Hydrogeological Booklet Laghman province, Pykob Naswaer, Kabul, Afganistan.
Elliontt, T., 2001. Siliciclasstic shorlines Sedimentary Environments and facies, 2nd ed., Black Wall Scientific Publication, Oxford, 85.
Hamdard, M.H., Soliev, I., Rasouli H., Kløve, B., Belhassan, K., 2022. Groundwater Quality Assessment in Chak Karstic Sedimentary Basin, Wardak Province, Afghanistan. Central Asian Journal of Water Research 8 (2), 110-127. https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2022-R1.v8-2/110-127.eng.
JICA, 2007. Japan International Cooperation Agency. The study on groundwater resources potential in Kabul Basin in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: 3rd Joint Technical Committee, Sanyu Consultants, Inc., Kabul, Afghanistan.
Koons, P.0., 1989. The topographic evolution of collisional mountain belts: A numerical look at the Southern Alps, New Zealand. American Journal of Science 289 (9), 1041-1069. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.9.1041.
Kortekaas, S., Dawson, A., ,2007. Distinguishing tsunami and storm deposits: an example from Martinhal, SW Portugal. Sedimentary Geology 200, 208-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.004.
Lave1, J., Avouac, J.P., 2001. Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal Of Geophysıcal Research 106 (Bll), 26561-26591. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000359.
Malgary, F., 1987. Mineralogy book. Geoscieces faculty Kabul university, Kabul Afghanistan.
Molnar, P.A., 1990. Review of the seismicity and rates of active underthrusting and deformation at the Himalayas. Journal of Himalayan Geology I, 131-154.
Montgomery, D.R., 1994. Valley incision and the uplift of mountain peaks. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 13913-13921. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00122.
Munsell, 1999. Munsell Color System; Color Matching from Munsell Color Company, USA.
Najmuddin, O., Li, Z., Khan, R., Zhuang, W., 2022. Valuation of Land-Use/Land-Cover-Based Ecosystem Services in Afghanistan - An Assessment of the Past and Future. Land 11 (11), 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111906.
Nakata, T., 1972. Geomorphic history and crustal movements of the foothills of the Himalayas. The Science Reports of the Tohoku University 22, 39-177.
Paetzold, S., 2005. Arbeitung zur Durchfuerung von Boden Analyses 10. Auflage, Institut fuer Bodenkunde, University Bonn, Germany.
Pittroff, W., 2011. Rangeland management and conservation in Afghanistan. International Journal of Environmental Studies 68 (3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2011.584474.
Rasouli, H., 2019. A Study on Some River Sediments, Hydrology and Geological Characteristics in Chak Sedimentary Basin, Wardak, Afghanistan. International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences 9 (2), 49-61.
Rasouli, H., 2020a. Application of soil physical and chemical parameters and its Comparing in Kabul Sedimentary basins, Kabul, Afghanistan. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 11 (2), 37368-37380.
Rasouli, H., 2020b. Well Design and Stratigraphy of Sheerkhana Deep Well in Chak District, Wardak, Afghanıstan. International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences 10 (2), 54-68.
Rasouli, H., 2021. Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Jabal Sarage and Charikar Districts, Parwan, Afghanistan. Journal of Geological Research 3 (4), 45-55.
Rasouli, H., 2022a. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resource and Air Pollution in Kabul Sub-basins, Afghanistan. Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research 4 (1), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v4i1.4312.
Rasouli, H., 2022b. Methods of Well Construction Complication, Design and Developing for Sixteen Observation and Test Wells at the Eight Locations of Zarang district, Nimroz, Afghanistan. International Journal of Earth Science Knowledge and Applications 4 (3) 426-448.
Rasouli, H., Kayastha, R.B., Bikas, C.B., Ahuti, S., Arian, H., Armstrong, R., 2015. Estimation of Discharge from Upper Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan Using the Snowmelt Runoff Model. Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 9 (1), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v9i1.15584.
Rasouli, H., Qureshi, R., Belhassan, K., 2021. Investigations on River Sediments in Chak Sedimentary Basin, Wardak Province, Afghanistan. Journal of Geological Research 3 (4), 21-29.
Rasouli, H., Safi, A.G., 2021. Geological, Soil and Sediment Studies in Chelsaton Sedimentary Basin, Kabul, Afghanistan. International Journal of Geosciences 12, 170-193.
Rasouli, H. Sarwari, M.H., Khairuddin, R., Said, A.H., 2020. Geological Study of Tangi Mahipar Mountain Range along Kabul Jalalabad Road, Afghanistan. Open Journal of Geology 10, 971-980. https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.1010044.
Ruleman, C.A., Crone, A.J., Machette, M.N., Haller, K.M., Rukstales, K.S., 2007. Geological Map and database of probable and possible Quaternary faults in Afghanistan: U.S Survey Open-File Report 2007-1103.
Shamal, S., Rasouli, H., 2018. Comparison between pH, EC, CaCO3 and mechanical analysis of Qala Wahid and Company Areas soil, Kabul, Afghanistan. International Journal of Science and Research 8 (5), 429-433.
Souriau, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., Froelich, P.N., 1988. Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles. Geology 16, 649-653.
Summerfield, M.A., Hulton, N.J., 1994. Hulton, Natural controls of fluvial denudation rates in major world drainage basins. Journal Of Geophysıcal Research 99, 13871-13883.
Torge, T., Georg, H., Thomas, H., 2003. Hydrogeology of the Kabul Basin Part I: Geology, aquifer characteristics, climate and hydrography. Foreign office of the Federal Republic of Germany. BGR Record No: 200310277/05.
Tünnemeier, T., Houben, G., 2005. Hydrogeology of Kabul Basin Part 1, Geology, Aquifer characteristics, climate, and hydrography (BGR), Kabul, Afghanistan. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural resources (BGR), Section B 1.17, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Honnover, Germany.
Wheeler, R.L., Bufe, C.G., Johnson, M.L., Dart, R.L., 2005. Seismotectonic map of Afghanistan, with annotated bibliography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1264.
Arian, H., Kayastha, R.B., Bikas, C.B., Ahuti, S., Rasouli, H., Armstrong, R., 2015. Application of the Snowmelt Runoff Model in the Salang River Basin, Afghanistan Using MODIS Satelite Data. Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 9 (1), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v9i1.15586.
Avouac, J-P., Burov, E., 1996. Erosion as a driving mechanism of intracontinental mountain growth. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (8), 17747-17770. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB01344.
Banks, David, and Soldal, Oddmund. 2002. Towards a policy for sustainable use of groundwater by non-governmental organizations in Afghanistan. Hydrogeology Journal 10, 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0203-y.
Bohannon, R.G., 2005. Geologic map of quadrangle 3468, Chak-e-Wardak (509) and Kabul (510) quadrangles. Afghan Open-File Report (509/510) 2005-1001.
Bohannon, R.G., Turner, K.J., 2007. Geologic map of quadrangle 3468, Chak Wardak-Syahgerd (509) and Kabul (510) quadrangles, Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey. Open- File Report 2005-1107-A. 1 Sheet.
Böckh, E.G., 1971. Report on the groundwater resources of the city of Kabul. Report for Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe BGR file number 0021016.
Breckle, S., 2007. Flora and vegetation of Afghanistan. Basic and Applied Dryland Research 1, 155-194.
Broshears, R.E., Akbari, M.A., Chornack, M.P., Mueller, D.K., and Ruddy, B.C. 2005. Inventory of ground-water resources in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5090.
DACAAR, 2017. Hydrogeological Booklet Laghman province, Pykob Naswaer, Kabul, Afganistan.
Elliontt, T., 2001. Siliciclasstic shorlines Sedimentary Environments and facies, 2nd ed., Black Wall Scientific Publication, Oxford, 85.
Hamdard, M.H., Soliev, I., Rasouli H., Kløve, B., Belhassan, K., 2022. Groundwater Quality Assessment in Chak Karstic Sedimentary Basin, Wardak Province, Afghanistan. Central Asian Journal of Water Research 8 (2), 110-127. https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2022-R1.v8-2/110-127.eng.
JICA, 2007. Japan International Cooperation Agency. The study on groundwater resources potential in Kabul Basin in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: 3rd Joint Technical Committee, Sanyu Consultants, Inc., Kabul, Afghanistan.
Koons, P.0., 1989. The topographic evolution of collisional mountain belts: A numerical look at the Southern Alps, New Zealand. American Journal of Science 289 (9), 1041-1069. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.9.1041.
Kortekaas, S., Dawson, A., ,2007. Distinguishing tsunami and storm deposits: an example from Martinhal, SW Portugal. Sedimentary Geology 200, 208-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.004.
Lave1, J., Avouac, J.P., 2001. Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal Of Geophysıcal Research 106 (Bll), 26561-26591. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000359.
Malgary, F., 1987. Mineralogy book. Geoscieces faculty Kabul university, Kabul Afghanistan.
Molnar, P.A., 1990. Review of the seismicity and rates of active underthrusting and deformation at the Himalayas. Journal of Himalayan Geology I, 131-154.
Montgomery, D.R., 1994. Valley incision and the uplift of mountain peaks. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 13913-13921. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00122.
Munsell, 1999. Munsell Color System; Color Matching from Munsell Color Company, USA.
Najmuddin, O., Li, Z., Khan, R., Zhuang, W., 2022. Valuation of Land-Use/Land-Cover-Based Ecosystem Services in Afghanistan - An Assessment of the Past and Future. Land 11 (11), 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111906.
Nakata, T., 1972. Geomorphic history and crustal movements of the foothills of the Himalayas. The Science Reports of the Tohoku University 22, 39-177.
Paetzold, S., 2005. Arbeitung zur Durchfuerung von Boden Analyses 10. Auflage, Institut fuer Bodenkunde, University Bonn, Germany.
Pittroff, W., 2011. Rangeland management and conservation in Afghanistan. International Journal of Environmental Studies 68 (3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2011.584474.
Rasouli, H., 2019. A Study on Some River Sediments, Hydrology and Geological Characteristics in Chak Sedimentary Basin, Wardak, Afghanistan. International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences 9 (2), 49-61.
Rasouli, H., 2020a. Application of soil physical and chemical parameters and its Comparing in Kabul Sedimentary basins, Kabul, Afghanistan. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 11 (2), 37368-37380.
Rasouli, H., 2020b. Well Design and Stratigraphy of Sheerkhana Deep Well in Chak District, Wardak, Afghanıstan. International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences 10 (2), 54-68.
Rasouli, H., 2021. Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Jabal Sarage and Charikar Districts, Parwan, Afghanistan. Journal of Geological Research 3 (4), 45-55.
Rasouli, H., 2022a. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resource and Air Pollution in Kabul Sub-basins, Afghanistan. Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research 4 (1), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v4i1.4312.
Rasouli, H., 2022b. Methods of Well Construction Complication, Design and Developing for Sixteen Observation and Test Wells at the Eight Locations of Zarang district, Nimroz, Afghanistan. International Journal of Earth Science Knowledge and Applications 4 (3) 426-448.
Rasouli, H., Kayastha, R.B., Bikas, C.B., Ahuti, S., Arian, H., Armstrong, R., 2015. Estimation of Discharge from Upper Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan Using the Snowmelt Runoff Model. Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 9 (1), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v9i1.15584.
Rasouli, H., Qureshi, R., Belhassan, K., 2021. Investigations on River Sediments in Chak Sedimentary Basin, Wardak Province, Afghanistan. Journal of Geological Research 3 (4), 21-29.
Rasouli, H., Safi, A.G., 2021. Geological, Soil and Sediment Studies in Chelsaton Sedimentary Basin, Kabul, Afghanistan. International Journal of Geosciences 12, 170-193.
Rasouli, H. Sarwari, M.H., Khairuddin, R., Said, A.H., 2020. Geological Study of Tangi Mahipar Mountain Range along Kabul Jalalabad Road, Afghanistan. Open Journal of Geology 10, 971-980. https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.1010044.
Ruleman, C.A., Crone, A.J., Machette, M.N., Haller, K.M., Rukstales, K.S., 2007. Geological Map and database of probable and possible Quaternary faults in Afghanistan: U.S Survey Open-File Report 2007-1103.
Shamal, S., Rasouli, H., 2018. Comparison between pH, EC, CaCO3 and mechanical analysis of Qala Wahid and Company Areas soil, Kabul, Afghanistan. International Journal of Science and Research 8 (5), 429-433.
Souriau, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., Froelich, P.N., 1988. Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles. Geology 16, 649-653.
Summerfield, M.A., Hulton, N.J., 1994. Hulton, Natural controls of fluvial denudation rates in major world drainage basins. Journal Of Geophysıcal Research 99, 13871-13883.
Torge, T., Georg, H., Thomas, H., 2003. Hydrogeology of the Kabul Basin Part I: Geology, aquifer characteristics, climate and hydrography. Foreign office of the Federal Republic of Germany. BGR Record No: 200310277/05.
Tünnemeier, T., Houben, G., 2005. Hydrogeology of Kabul Basin Part 1, Geology, Aquifer characteristics, climate, and hydrography (BGR), Kabul, Afghanistan. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural resources (BGR), Section B 1.17, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Honnover, Germany.
Wheeler, R.L., Bufe, C.G., Johnson, M.L., Dart, R.L., 2005. Seismotectonic map of Afghanistan, with annotated bibliography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1264.
Published
2023-05-09
Section
Articles
The authors keep the copyrights of the published materials with them, but the authors are aggee to give an exclusive license to the publisher that transfers all publishing and commercial exploitation rights to the publisher. The puslisher then shares the content published in this journal under CC BY-NC-ND license.
