Groundwater Vulnerability Mapping and Quality Assessment around Coastal Environment of Ilaje Local Government Area, Southwestern Nigeria
Keywords:
Aquifer vulnerability, Longitudinal conductance, Water quality index, Protective capacity, Physicochemical analysis
Abstract
Aquifer vulnerability study assists in the implementation of groundwater management strategies to prevent degradation of groundwater quality. The study was focused on the determination of groundwater quality and vulnerability potential of material overlying the aquifer units in Ilaje area of Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria using geo-electrical method, aquifer vulnerability index (AVI), GOD index, and Dar Zarrouk longitudinal conductance. This was complemented by physicochemical analysis of 25 water samples, randomly taken from boreholes within depths range of 1 to 50 m. All the tested samples have values within the World Health Organization (WH) except nitrate which shows relatively high values higher than maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/l recommended by WHO in southern part. The range of nitrate concentration (0.25 – 15.4 mg/l) was as a result of high anthropogenic discharge of domestic and municipal waste into drainages especially during the wet season. Also, some degree of contamination by lead, cyanide, arsenic, ammonia, and mineral oil from petroleum exploitation by major oil companies was also observed in the samples. The average calculated water quality index is 121 which falls within poor/unfit water for drinking due to high level of contamination. The GOD vulnerability and AVI maps show that the aquifer units in the area are vulnerable by 60% and 55%, respectively. The longitudinal conductance index indicates that 53.3% of the area have poor/weak protective capacity. All the vulnerability maps and indices used corroborate very well as they show little variations. Therefore, appropriate water treatment should be conducted on the water before drinking, and also government should enact laws that would discourage indiscriminate dumping of refuse, waste water etc., enhanced containment for storage of wastes and chemicals on vulnerable soils. Also, the activities of the oil companies should be regulated to reduce the heavy metal/mineral oil contamination.
References
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Akpan, M.L., Abu, M., Nasir, A.N., 2018. Vulnerability assessment of groundwater to contamination using electrical resistivity method at the open dumpsite in Gosa, Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 7, 329.
Albinet, M., Margat, J., 1970. Groundwater pollution vulnerability mapping. Bulletin du Bureau de Researches Geologicques et Minieres Bull BRGM 2nd Series, 3, 13-22.
Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J.H., Petty, R.J., Hackett, G., 1987. DRASTIC: A standardized system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. Environmental Protection Agency NWWA/EPA Series EPA-600/2-87-035, National Water Well Association, Dublin.
Al-Adamat, R., Foster, I., Baban, S., 2003. Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS, remote sensing and DRASTIC. Applied Geography 23, 303-324.
Al-Dulaymi, A.S., Al-Heety, E.A.R., Hussien, B.M., 2012. Geoelectrical investigation of Mullusi aquifer, Rutba, Iraq.
International Journal of Geosciences, 3, 549-564.
Al-Hallaq, A.H., Elaish, B.S.A., 2012. Assessment of aquifer vulnerability to contamination in Khanyounis Governorate, Gaza Strip-Palestine, using the DRASTIC model within GIS Environment. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 5, 833-847.
Al-Zabet, T., 2002. Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability to contamination potential using the DRASTIC method.
Environmental Geology 43 (1–2), 203-208.
Anomohanran, O., 2013. Geophysical investigation of groundwater potential in Ukelegbe, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 13, 119-125.
APHA, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edition. American public health association, American water works association/water environment federation, Washington DC.
Atakpo, E.A., Ayolabi, E.A., 2009. Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability and the protective capacity in some oil producing communities of western Niger Delta. The Environmentalist, 29, 310-317.
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Braga, A.C.O., 2008. Estimation of the natural vulnerability of aquifers: A contribution from the resistivity and longitudinal conductance. Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, 26, 61-68.
Braga, A.C.O., Francisco, R.F., 2014. Natural vulnerability assessment to contamination of unconfined aquifers by
longitudinal conductance method. Journal of Geography and Geology, 6, 68-79.
El-Naqa, A., Al-Shayeb, A., 2009. Groundwater protection and management strategy in Jordan. Water Resources
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Eniola, O.S., Ologun, S., Obiora, F.I., 2016. Hydrogeologic and geophysical assessment of groundwater prospects and aquifer vulnerability in Alade Idanre, southwestern Nigeria. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 14 (4), 1-10.
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Haque, S., Rayhan, A.B.M.S., Islam, Md. M., Sultana, Z., Nargis, A., Hassan, M., 2017. Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality of Pabna District (North-Western Part) of Bangladesh for Securing Risk-Free Agricultural Production. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering 3 (6), 67-71.
Hussain, Y., Dilawar, A., Ullah, S., Akhter, G., Martinez-Carvajal, H., Hussain, M., Aslam, A., 2016. Modelling the spatial distribution of arsenic in water and its correlation with public health, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 4, 18-25.
Hammour, N., El-Naqa, A., 2008. GIS based hydrogeological vulnerability mapping of groundwater resources in Jerash Area- Jordan. Geophysics International 47, 85-97.
Igbemi, A.I., Nwaogazie, I.L., Akaranta, O., Abu, G.O., 2019. Water Quality Assessment by Pollution Indices in Eastern Obolo Coastline Communities of Nigeria. American Journal of Water Resources 7 (3), 111-120.
Iloeje, M.P., 1981. A new geography of Nigeria. Longman International Education Division, Longman Nigeria.
Kelly, W.E., Stanislav, M., 1993. Applied geophysics in hydrogeological and engineering practice. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo.
Khemiri, S., Khnissi, A., Alaya, M.B., Saidi, S., Zargouni, F., 2013. Using GIS for the comparison of intrinsic parametric methods assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Scenarios of semi-arid climate. The case of Foussama groundwater in the Central of Tunisia. Journal of Water Resources and Protection 5, 835-845.
Khrisat, H.T., Al-Bakri, J., 2019. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Azraq catchment in Fuhais-Jordan using DRASTIC model. Open Journal of Geology, 9, 364-377.
Kruseman, G.P., de Ridder, N.A., 1990. Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data. International institute for land reclamation and improvement. Publication No: 47, 2nd Ed., Wageningen, Netherlands.
Lima, O.A.L., Sato, H.K., Porsani, M.J., 1995. Imaging industrial contaminant Plumes with resistivity techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 34, 93-108.
Mishra, D., Hira, S., Rao, M.B.S., 1990. Remote sensing and geoelectrical investigation for groundwater in south-central part of Lalitpur District, Utar Pradesh. Journal Association of Exploration Geophysics 11 (1), 17-28.
Mosuro, G.O., Omosanya, K.O., Bayewu, O.O., Oloruntola, M.O., Laniyan, T.A., Atobi, O., Okubena, M., Popoola, E.,
Adekoya, F., 2016. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to leachate infiltration using electrical resistivity method. Applied Water Science 7 (5), 2195-2207.
Murat, V., Paradis, D., Savard, M.M., Nastev, M., Bourque, E., Hamel, A., Lefebvre, R., Martel, R., 2003. Vulnérabilité à lanappe des aquifères fractures du Sud-ouest du Québec- Evaluation par les methods DRASTIC et GOD. Current Research 2003-D3, 14p.
National Research Council, 1993. Groundwater vulnerability assessment: Predicting relative contamination potential under conditions of uncertainty. The National Academies Press, Washington DC, 224 p.
Napolitano, P., Fabbri, A., 1996. Single-parameter sensitivity analysis for aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC and SINTACS. In: HydroGIS 96: Application of Geographical Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Proceedings of Vienna Conference, IAHS Pub., Vienna, No. 235, 559-566.
Nton, M.E., 2001. Sedimentary and geochemical studies of rock units in the eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ibadan, 315p.
Obaje, N. G., 2009. Geology and mineral resources of Nigeria. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.
Ojo, J.S., Olorunfemi, M.O., Aduwo, I.A., Bayode, S., Akintorinwa, O.J., Omosuyi, G.O., Akinluyi, F.O. 2014. Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Quality of the Akure Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 4 (23), 150-168.
Omatsola, M.E., Adegoke, O.S., 1981. Tectonic evolution and Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey Basin. Journal of Mining Geology 18 (1), 130-137.
Omosuyi, G.O., 2001. Geophysical and Hydrogeological Investigations of Groundwater Prospects in the Southern Part of Ondo State, Nigeria. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
Omosuyi, G.O., Ojo, J.S., Olorunfemi, M.O., 2007. Hydrochemical investigation of groundwater in Okitipupa area,
Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of African Water Resources and Environment (Aquaterra) 1 (2), 3-13.
Oshoma, C.E., Adeghe, O.M., and Isichei-Ukah, O.B., 2018. Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Stored Borehole Water in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 3 (1), 463-471.
Patil, S., Kachate, N., Marathe, N., Ingle, S., Golekar, R., 2015. Electrical resistivity studies for groundwater exploration in some parts Chopda Block of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra India. International Research Journal of Earth Sciences 3, 2321-2527.
Plymale, C.L., Angle, M.P., 2002. Groundwater pollution potential of Fulton County, Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water, Water Resources Section, Groundwater Pollution Potential, Report No. 45.
Sikandar, P., Bakhsh, A., Arshad, M., Rana, T., 2010. The use of vertical electrical sounding resistivity method for the location of low salinity groundwater for irrigation in Chaj and Rachna Doabs. Environmental Earth Sciences 60, 1113-1129.
Sonkamble, S., 2014. Electrical resistivity and hydrochemical indicators distinguishing chemical characteristics of subsurface pollution at Cuddalore Coast, Tamil Nadu. Journal Geological Society of India, 83, 535-548.
Spizzico, M., Lopez, N., Sciannamblo, D., 2004. Intrinsic vulnerability assessment for the Apulian aquifer near Brindisi, Ch. 22. In: Book- Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping, Italy.
Stempvoort, D.V., Lee, E., Wassenaar, L., 1993. Aquifer vulnerability index: A GIS-compatible method for groundwater vulnerability mapping. Canadian Water Resources Journal/Revue Canadienne Des Ressources Hydriques 18 (1), 25-37.
Tesoriero, A.J., Inkpen, E.L., Voss, F.D., 1998. Assessing groundwater vulnerability using logistic regression. Proceedings for the source water assessment and protection, 98 Conference, Dallas, TX, 157-165.
Ugwu, N.U., Ranganai, R.T., Simon, R.E., Ogubazghi, G., 2016. Geoelectric evaluation of groundwater potential and vulnerability of overburden aquifers at Onibu‐Eja active open dumpsite, Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8, 311‐329.
WHO, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 4th Ed. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Vrba, J., Zaporozec, A., 1994. Guidebook on mapping groundwater vulnerability. H. Heise, Hannover 16, 119-131.
Aquifers in Part of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 5 (14), 176- 189.
Akpan, M.L., Abu, M., Nasir, A.N., 2018. Vulnerability assessment of groundwater to contamination using electrical resistivity method at the open dumpsite in Gosa, Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 7, 329.
Albinet, M., Margat, J., 1970. Groundwater pollution vulnerability mapping. Bulletin du Bureau de Researches Geologicques et Minieres Bull BRGM 2nd Series, 3, 13-22.
Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J.H., Petty, R.J., Hackett, G., 1987. DRASTIC: A standardized system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. Environmental Protection Agency NWWA/EPA Series EPA-600/2-87-035, National Water Well Association, Dublin.
Al-Adamat, R., Foster, I., Baban, S., 2003. Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS, remote sensing and DRASTIC. Applied Geography 23, 303-324.
Al-Dulaymi, A.S., Al-Heety, E.A.R., Hussien, B.M., 2012. Geoelectrical investigation of Mullusi aquifer, Rutba, Iraq.
International Journal of Geosciences, 3, 549-564.
Al-Hallaq, A.H., Elaish, B.S.A., 2012. Assessment of aquifer vulnerability to contamination in Khanyounis Governorate, Gaza Strip-Palestine, using the DRASTIC model within GIS Environment. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 5, 833-847.
Al-Zabet, T., 2002. Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability to contamination potential using the DRASTIC method.
Environmental Geology 43 (1–2), 203-208.
Anomohanran, O., 2013. Geophysical investigation of groundwater potential in Ukelegbe, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 13, 119-125.
APHA, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edition. American public health association, American water works association/water environment federation, Washington DC.
Atakpo, E.A., Ayolabi, E.A., 2009. Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability and the protective capacity in some oil producing communities of western Niger Delta. The Environmentalist, 29, 310-317.
Billman, H.G., 1992. Offshore stratigraphy and paleontology of the Dahomey Embayment, West African. NAPE Bulletin, 7 (2), 121-130.
Braga, A.C.O., 2008. Estimation of the natural vulnerability of aquifers: A contribution from the resistivity and longitudinal conductance. Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, 26, 61-68.
Braga, A.C.O., Francisco, R.F., 2014. Natural vulnerability assessment to contamination of unconfined aquifers by
longitudinal conductance method. Journal of Geography and Geology, 6, 68-79.
El-Naqa, A., Al-Shayeb, A., 2009. Groundwater protection and management strategy in Jordan. Water Resources
Management, 23, 2379-2394.
Eniola, O.S., Ologun, S., Obiora, F.I., 2016. Hydrogeologic and geophysical assessment of groundwater prospects and aquifer vulnerability in Alade Idanre, southwestern Nigeria. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 14 (4), 1-10.
Enu, E.I., 1990. Nature and occurrence of tar sands in Nigeria: Ako, B.D., Enu, E.I. (Eds) occurrence, utilization and economics of Tar sands. Nigeria Mining and Geosciences Society Publication on Tar sands Workshop. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago- Iwoye, 11-16.
Falowo, O.O., Akindureni, Y., Ojo, O.O., 2017a. Groundwater assessment and its intrinsic vulnerability studies using aquifer vulnerability index and GOD methods. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 2 (5), 103-116.
Falowo, O.O., Akindureni, Y., Ojo, O.O., 2017b. Irrigation and Drinking Water Quality Index Determination for Groundwater Quality Evaluation in Akoko Northwest and Northeast Areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering 3 (5), 50-60.
Foster, S.S.D., 1987. Fundamental concepts in aquifer vulnerability pollution risk and protection strategy. In: van Duijvenbooden, W. and van Waegeningh, H.G., Eds., vulnerability of soil and groundwater to pollutants, TNO Committee on Hydrological Research, The Hague, 69-86. Available at:
Freeze, R.A., Cherry, J.A., 1979. Groundwater: New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Haque, S., Rayhan, A.B.M.S., Islam, Md. M., Sultana, Z., Nargis, A., Hassan, M., 2017. Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality of Pabna District (North-Western Part) of Bangladesh for Securing Risk-Free Agricultural Production. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering 3 (6), 67-71.
Hussain, Y., Dilawar, A., Ullah, S., Akhter, G., Martinez-Carvajal, H., Hussain, M., Aslam, A., 2016. Modelling the spatial distribution of arsenic in water and its correlation with public health, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 4, 18-25.
Hammour, N., El-Naqa, A., 2008. GIS based hydrogeological vulnerability mapping of groundwater resources in Jerash Area- Jordan. Geophysics International 47, 85-97.
Igbemi, A.I., Nwaogazie, I.L., Akaranta, O., Abu, G.O., 2019. Water Quality Assessment by Pollution Indices in Eastern Obolo Coastline Communities of Nigeria. American Journal of Water Resources 7 (3), 111-120.
Iloeje, M.P., 1981. A new geography of Nigeria. Longman International Education Division, Longman Nigeria.
Kelly, W.E., Stanislav, M., 1993. Applied geophysics in hydrogeological and engineering practice. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo.
Khemiri, S., Khnissi, A., Alaya, M.B., Saidi, S., Zargouni, F., 2013. Using GIS for the comparison of intrinsic parametric methods assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Scenarios of semi-arid climate. The case of Foussama groundwater in the Central of Tunisia. Journal of Water Resources and Protection 5, 835-845.
Khrisat, H.T., Al-Bakri, J., 2019. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Azraq catchment in Fuhais-Jordan using DRASTIC model. Open Journal of Geology, 9, 364-377.
Kruseman, G.P., de Ridder, N.A., 1990. Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data. International institute for land reclamation and improvement. Publication No: 47, 2nd Ed., Wageningen, Netherlands.
Lima, O.A.L., Sato, H.K., Porsani, M.J., 1995. Imaging industrial contaminant Plumes with resistivity techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 34, 93-108.
Mishra, D., Hira, S., Rao, M.B.S., 1990. Remote sensing and geoelectrical investigation for groundwater in south-central part of Lalitpur District, Utar Pradesh. Journal Association of Exploration Geophysics 11 (1), 17-28.
Mosuro, G.O., Omosanya, K.O., Bayewu, O.O., Oloruntola, M.O., Laniyan, T.A., Atobi, O., Okubena, M., Popoola, E.,
Adekoya, F., 2016. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to leachate infiltration using electrical resistivity method. Applied Water Science 7 (5), 2195-2207.
Murat, V., Paradis, D., Savard, M.M., Nastev, M., Bourque, E., Hamel, A., Lefebvre, R., Martel, R., 2003. Vulnérabilité à lanappe des aquifères fractures du Sud-ouest du Québec- Evaluation par les methods DRASTIC et GOD. Current Research 2003-D3, 14p.
National Research Council, 1993. Groundwater vulnerability assessment: Predicting relative contamination potential under conditions of uncertainty. The National Academies Press, Washington DC, 224 p.
Napolitano, P., Fabbri, A., 1996. Single-parameter sensitivity analysis for aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC and SINTACS. In: HydroGIS 96: Application of Geographical Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Proceedings of Vienna Conference, IAHS Pub., Vienna, No. 235, 559-566.
Nton, M.E., 2001. Sedimentary and geochemical studies of rock units in the eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ibadan, 315p.
Obaje, N. G., 2009. Geology and mineral resources of Nigeria. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.
Ojo, J.S., Olorunfemi, M.O., Aduwo, I.A., Bayode, S., Akintorinwa, O.J., Omosuyi, G.O., Akinluyi, F.O. 2014. Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Quality of the Akure Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 4 (23), 150-168.
Omatsola, M.E., Adegoke, O.S., 1981. Tectonic evolution and Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey Basin. Journal of Mining Geology 18 (1), 130-137.
Omosuyi, G.O., 2001. Geophysical and Hydrogeological Investigations of Groundwater Prospects in the Southern Part of Ondo State, Nigeria. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
Omosuyi, G.O., Ojo, J.S., Olorunfemi, M.O., 2007. Hydrochemical investigation of groundwater in Okitipupa area,
Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of African Water Resources and Environment (Aquaterra) 1 (2), 3-13.
Oshoma, C.E., Adeghe, O.M., and Isichei-Ukah, O.B., 2018. Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Stored Borehole Water in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 3 (1), 463-471.
Patil, S., Kachate, N., Marathe, N., Ingle, S., Golekar, R., 2015. Electrical resistivity studies for groundwater exploration in some parts Chopda Block of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra India. International Research Journal of Earth Sciences 3, 2321-2527.
Plymale, C.L., Angle, M.P., 2002. Groundwater pollution potential of Fulton County, Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water, Water Resources Section, Groundwater Pollution Potential, Report No. 45.
Sikandar, P., Bakhsh, A., Arshad, M., Rana, T., 2010. The use of vertical electrical sounding resistivity method for the location of low salinity groundwater for irrigation in Chaj and Rachna Doabs. Environmental Earth Sciences 60, 1113-1129.
Sonkamble, S., 2014. Electrical resistivity and hydrochemical indicators distinguishing chemical characteristics of subsurface pollution at Cuddalore Coast, Tamil Nadu. Journal Geological Society of India, 83, 535-548.
Spizzico, M., Lopez, N., Sciannamblo, D., 2004. Intrinsic vulnerability assessment for the Apulian aquifer near Brindisi, Ch. 22. In: Book- Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping, Italy.
Stempvoort, D.V., Lee, E., Wassenaar, L., 1993. Aquifer vulnerability index: A GIS-compatible method for groundwater vulnerability mapping. Canadian Water Resources Journal/Revue Canadienne Des Ressources Hydriques 18 (1), 25-37.
Tesoriero, A.J., Inkpen, E.L., Voss, F.D., 1998. Assessing groundwater vulnerability using logistic regression. Proceedings for the source water assessment and protection, 98 Conference, Dallas, TX, 157-165.
Ugwu, N.U., Ranganai, R.T., Simon, R.E., Ogubazghi, G., 2016. Geoelectric evaluation of groundwater potential and vulnerability of overburden aquifers at Onibu‐Eja active open dumpsite, Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8, 311‐329.
WHO, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 4th Ed. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Vrba, J., Zaporozec, A., 1994. Guidebook on mapping groundwater vulnerability. H. Heise, Hannover 16, 119-131.
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